Quiz 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quiz 2 - Assignment Example It is a two sided structure which encompasses criminal trial courts that involves the prosecution being against the defense. Fairness is achieved when an effective petitioner is able to convince the jury or judge that their view of the case is the right one (Boyack, Connor 2011). It tends to test the validity of arguments and this helps in discovering the truth as the adversaries are are offered equal opportunities to air their arguments for their case and to critically questioning the opponents arguments mainly via witnesses. The adversarial system is accepted by many communities since it appears to be fair and a sensible method of resolving conflicts or disputes as it satisfies the idea of fair play in a community (Tarakson, Stella 2004). The law can be sourced from precedents, precedents is sourcing laws from previously made judgments that is judgment passed by some of the intellectuals jurists ,it is normally used when there is no legislature in a particular situation where changing conditions arises. Statutory interpretation-it involves a process of ascertaining expressions and meanings of letters by courts, it involves constructing or interpretation, as for interpretation the court seeks to ascertain meanings of particular legislations and it is through the interpretations that the judiciary comes up with the law. Preparatory works-the processes that lead to legislation are subsequently used as guidelines on how laws are interpreted and comprehend acts of legislations and this takes place in some legal cultures (Hein, Paul, Garcia & Clair

Aerobic capacity test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aerobic capacity test - Essay Example Maximal oxygen uptake is also known as maximal oxygen consumption, maximal aerobic power, aerobic capacity, or VO2 max. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is a measure of a person's capacity to take in and utilise oxygen during exercise. A subject with a greater VO2 max value will be more likely to sustain high intensity exercise for a longer period. Theoretically, subjects with greater VO2 max values possess greater concentrations of hemoglobin in the blood, thus enabling them to utilise more oxygen during intense exercise (McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2001; Mierke, 2003). However, there are several factors that may have an affect on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max). These factors include mode of exercise (i.e., treadmill exercise, cycle ergometry, arm crank, swimming, or bench stepping), heredity, gender, age, body size and composition, and state of training (McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2001; Mierke, 2003).Aerobic capacity is measured in the laboratory using a graded exercise test du ring which the rate of oxygen uptake is measured continually using sophisticated equipment. A graded exercise test is a test typically administered on a treadmill or cycle ergometer in which the intensity of exercise is increasingly increased. The rate of aerobic metabolism and oxygen uptake increases as intensity of exercise increases up to the point at which the aerobic capacity is reached. At this point, even though the exercise intensity can be increased, the oxygen uptake no longer increases proportionally, and there is a plateau in the relation of the rate of oxygen uptake to work rate (exercise intensity).The rate of oxygen uptake at the plateau is aerobic capacity (Cureton and Plowman, n.d.). The main disadvantage of this type of test is that is technically demanding, requiring costly equipment and highly-trained technicians.Furthermore, it is time consuming; a test requires about 30 minutes and only one subject can be tested at any given time. Thus, the direct measurement of aerobic capacity is not possible or practical for most field settings, such as schools where large numbers of people must be tested (Cureton and Plowman, n.d.). The Bruce Treadmill Test is one of the most popular laboratory treadmill test protocols used in obtaining VO2 max measurements. The test consists of seven 3-minute stages, in which most subjects are able to walk the first three stages. During each stage, a set percent treadmill grade and speed is obtained. During the test, the subjects' breathing and heart rates are monitored through the use of respiratory and metabolic/gas equipment along with heart rate monitors. Subjects' heart rates are recorded every minute while the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) is recorded every three minutes. Validity correlation coefficients of .90 and .91 have been reported between VO2 max and the 12 min run. A lower correlation has been reported between VO2 max and the 1.5 Mile Run (-.74). The test-retest reliability of maximal oxygen consumption tests is high (i.e., .95 - .99) (Mierke, 2003).The main advantage of this test is that it is a direct measurement of maximal oxygen consumption. However, ther e are quite a few disadvantages with this test including degree of difficulty, cost and sensitivity of equipment, and the need for highly-trained te